Territorial behavior of Western Sandpipers on their nonbreeding grounds: effect of sex and foraging interference
نویسندگان
چکیده
Nonbreeding shorebirds often alternate social structure between anonymous flocks and territorial behavior in response to different environmental factors. To evaluate specific drivers for one species, we studied the spacing behavior of wintering Western Sandpipers (Calidris mauri) at Bahı́a Santa Maŕıa, northwestern Mexico, using behavioral observations. The density, population structure, and territorial behavior of Western Sandpipers differed among three habitat types. Cattail marshes supported 110 birds per ha, 49%males, and no territorial birds. Mangrove flats supported 288 birds per ha, 58% males, and 5% territorial birds. Brackish flats supported 365 birds per ha, 76% males, and 7% territorial birds. Territories consisted of rectangular strips (5–9 m long, N = 77). Territory length was not related to either bird density or number of territorial birds by plot, but was positively related to nearest bird distance. Aggression rate was inversely related to territory length, suggesting that territory length is set by the costs of defense. Foraging rate was independent of territory length, and prey densities in territories did not differ from those in areas used by nonterritorial birds. Males were more likely to be territorial and had a higher aggression rate than females, suggesting that males, which forage more on surface prey, were more affected by foraging interference. Our results suggest that the territorial behavior of Western Sandpipers in our study was an opportunistic strategy to reduce foraging interference. The variation in spacing behavior we documented provides evidence that interference competition affects the social structure of Western Sandpipers during the nonbreeding season. RESUMEN. Comportamiento territorial del Playerito Occidental durante la época no-reproductiva: efecto del sexo y la interferencia de forrajeo Las aves playeras durante la época no-reproductiva alternan su estructura social entre parvadas compactas y comportamiento territorial en respuesta a diferentes factores ambientales. Para evaluar factores especı́ficos en una especie, se estudio el comportamiento espacial del Playerito Occidental (Calidris mauri) invernante en Bahı́a Santa Maŕıa, noroeste de México, utilizando observaciones de comportamiento. La densidad, estructura poblacional y comportamiento territorial del Playerito Occidental fue diferente en tres tipos de hábitat. Los tulares presentaron 110 aves por hectarea, 49% de machos, sin aves territoriales. Los manglares tuvieron 288 aves por hectarea, 58% de machos y 5% de aves territoriales. Las planicies lodosas presentaron 365 aves por hectarea, 76% de machos y 7% de aves territoriales. Los territorios fueron rectángulos (5–9 m largo, N = 77). La longitud del territorio no se relacionó con la densidad de aves o número de aves territoriales por cuadrante, pero estuvo inversamente relacionada con la distancia del individuo más cercano. La tasa de agresión estuvo inversamente relacionada con la longitud del territorio, sugiriendo que la longitud del territorio está determinada por los costos de defensa. La tasa de forrajeo fue independiente de la longitud del terriotrio y la densidad de presas no fue diferente entre territorios y sitios utilizados por aves no territoriales. La mayoŕıa de las aves territoriales fueron machos y exhibieron una tasa de agresión mayor que las hembras, sugiriendo que los machos, que se alimentan de manera superficial, son más susceptibles a la competencia. Los resultados indican que la territorialidad del Playerito Occidental es una estrategia de oportunidad para reducir la competencia. La variación en el comportamiento espacial observada ofrece evidencia de que la competencia afecta la estructura social del Playerito Occidental durante la época no-reproductiva.
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